Black Holes Essay Research Paper Stars can free essay sample

Black Holes Essay, Research Paper Stars can turn into assortments of things as they collapse, including white midget, neutron stars, and black holes. A black hole is suggested to be the end merchandise of a big star that is fall ining into itself, due to the fact that gravitative acceleration is calculated by the expression ; A=Gmb/ r^6 Where megabit is the mass of the black hole, as the radius, R, of the star decreases, the gravitative field on its surface additions. This causes a concatenation reaction in which a greater force is put on the star to prostration, therefore lessening in size even further, and the gravitation of its surface additions. It is suggested that a star would hold to hold a mass equivalent to three times that of our Sun to go a black hole. If though a star with an tantamount mass to the Earth were to fall in into a black hole, the infinite that all of the affair would take up would hold a radius of less than 9mm. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Holes Essay Research Paper Stars can or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is easy to see that the denseness of this would be huge-thus showing why it would hold such noteworthy effects. The gravitative field created would hold of import effects to its environing environment, bring forthing marks for uranologists to detect when looking for a black hole. Einstein s theory of general relativity suggests that near to the star itself, strong deformations occur in the construction of infinite. He found that the acceleration was equal when caused by altering gesture, compared to when changed by gravitative Fieldss. From this, we deduce that at the point of a gravitative field, infinite is really curved such that traveling atoms follow the same way as they would if they were being accelerated. This has applications toward photons of visible radiation every bit good as any other atom. The effects of this gravitative field produces an sweetening of the curvature of infinite, in footings of a photon of light projected from the surface of the star that is non straight along the way of the normal. It becomes deflected, doing an increased angle compared to the angle that it was projected at. Similarly, light that grazes the surface of a strong gravitational domain is deflected in the same manner. The stronger the gravitative field is, the greater angle of warp and the greater the speed of the moving ridge that has to be projected to get away the field. As the denseness additions, the field s pull is so great that the photon of the visible radiation is directed horizontally at the field and deflected into the orbit of the star. The star s visible radiation may be projected from the surface of the star to get away its gravitative field. When the projection s angle is equal to that of the normal, the visible radiation is projected off at any other angle than that of the normal. The stronger the gravitative field, the greater the warp, and the smaller the angle becomes that the visible radiation is allowed to project off from the surface without being pulled into orbit. Therefore as the star becomes more heavy, its gravitative field s strength increased, until finally the angle at which visible radiation is allowed to project off from the star is zero grades. As visible radiation has the greatest speed of anything known, and is said to travel at the natural velocity bound, every bit shortly as visible radiation can non get away from the boundary of the disintegrating star, neither can anything else. At this point, visible radiation from both the star and that hitting the field from the other beginnings can non get away, therefore a black hole is born. Black holes were foremost understood by Kurt Schwarzchild good over 60 old ages ago. He proposed the belongingss that he expected the outer bound of the black hole to exhibit. He gave his name to the radius at which a star has a strong adequate gravitative field to pin down photons of visible radiation. This Schwarzchild radius, as is became known, was merely dependent on the mass of the star in inquiry, and was relative to it. For case, if a star had a mass of five times that of our Sun, its Schwarzchild radius would be 15km. Equally shortly as the fall ining star has shrunk beyond its Schwarzchild radius it is said to hold passed its event skyline as no outside observations can be made into it. The photon-sphere nevertheless is the point when visible radiation is forced to revolve the star, but is non pulled into the event skyline. The point at which the star s mass is centered is called uniqueness. This, in his equation, lay at the really centre of the black hole, and is considered to centre of its gravitative field. The uniqueness is infinitesimally little because mathematically it is found to be a individual point. As all stars are known to revolve, it is about impossible that we would be able to happen an illustration of the Schwarzchild black hole in nature. An Australian mathematician named Roy P. Kerr merely discovered the comparative equations to this fact in 1963. He found them by chance while working on an other job, and found that although the whirling black hole held resemblances to the Schwarzchild theoretical account, there were besides distinguishable differences. In this new type of black hole, a organic structure that enters it would be forced to travel in a spinning gesture down towards the uniqueness like H2O in a plughole. The bound at which visible radiation can still get away this dragging force is known as stationary bound. The impulse of the spin decreases the size of the event skyline, the bound between this and the stationary bound being the ergosphere. On a theoretical degree, a organic structure going faster than the velocity of visible radiation within the ergosphere c ould get away it, yet there is no flight from being dragged around within it. The ergosphere is thought to bring forth an egg-shaped form, being in contact with the poles of the event skyline, while on the equator holding dual the diameter of the event skyline. It is mathematically possible that the velocity of the spin of a black hole could do the shrinkage of the event skyline such that it disappears and the uniqueness is left on position. This would do a bare uniqueness. This would non expose the usual gravitative traits of a black hole and would be possible to drop the ball into without any old warning. It besides carries the deduction that we could potentially go freely in and out of uniqueness, as the event skyline is no longer present. If this were the instance, by traveling into the orbit of a bare uniqueness, clip travel into the yesteryear could happen. In general, this is conceived to be an impossible state of affairs, as black hole belongingss are assumed by the size of the mass entirely, with the charge and whirl holding small consequence. These Kerr black holes would hold a uniqueness that takes signifier of a ring. It s uniqueness is non space-like as demonstrated in the other theoretical account, but time-like alternatively. Lone objects that enter the event skyline on its equator would be capable to devastation via the uniqueness. The inside of the uniqueness is an country of negative space-time, connoting the reversal of the force of gravitation at this point. Another possible construct is that of objects within this field holding a negative radius, but no 1 has yet been able to penetrate this thought rationally. It has besides been suggested that other black holes were created when the Big Bang occurred. These black holes were bantam, some every bit small as.0000001kg. We know that the denseness of affair as it crosses the event skyline varies reciprocally to the mass of the black hole such that the black holes of this minuscule nature must hold had tremendous force per unit areas applied to make them. These force per unit areas were merely thought to be during the creative activity of the existence, as we know it. There is no grounds of their being except for in the Torahs of quantum mechanics. It has been put frontward by Peddling that these black holes could hold evaporated. It is known that the constituents of atoms can be split to atoms and antiparticles. When this occurs and the brace re-meet, they annihilate each other, and energy is created. Similarly, energy can be converted into braces of atoms. This is known as brace production, and merely works because mass and energy are tantamount. Taking this thought farther, affair can be created from for really brief periods of clip. As it occurs about at the same time, it does non go against the conversation Torahs. If this occurred near to a black hole, and half of the brace was to fall into it, the inevitable obliteration could non happen. The other half of the brace would be able to get away. Energy is created. This energy has to hold a noteworthy beginning, as energy can non be created or lost. The beginning of such energy is the black hole itself. As it is robbed of energy, it is besides robbed of its tantamount mass, therefore the black hole evaporates due to partner off production. This event would merely hold a noticeable effect on the smallest of the black holes. If this procedure did occur, we would anticipate to see occasional explosions of gamma radiation being emitted from these mini black holes. As we evidently can non see black holes, the lone thing we can make to determine their being is using theoretical cognition and detect the things that we suspect they cause. Detection of black holes is most likely to happen when we find an unseeable object that has a mass, which could merely perchance show 1. Even so, we are working on the premise that white midget and neutron stars are unable to last at such a mass. One manner of ciphering the mass of an object we can non see is to follow the orbit around of a comrade star. If this star is found to be portion of a binary system, with an unseeable spouse, so the mass of the comrade can be calculated via spectral and ocular analysis. If this mass is found to be in surplus of 3 solar multitudes, so a black hole is presumed to hold been found. Another manner is by analyzing the affair that they pull toward themselves. This affair forms an accumulation disc, which due to forces moving upon it, go hot plenty to breathe X raies. These in b end can be detected and supply us with information on the Fieldss moving upon them. A black hole is said to embrace the four dimensions of infinite and clip, therefore as a organic structure approaches the event skyline, clip is distorted due to the force of acceleration, and force of the field. To an outside perceiver, it would decelerate bit by bit, and along with it, the wavelengths, although keeping speed is shifted. As the organic structure becomes even closer to the event skyline, clip appears to halt. Strong tidal forces would do the organic structure to be ripped apart. Upon making the event skyline, the organic structure would neer be seen once more, and is thought by scientists to race irreversibly towards the uniqueness, and go boundlessly more heavy. Although black holes have neer been seen as such, their consequence on the milieus is clear. Therefore by a rule called Occam s Razor, the account of any phenomenon that requires the fewest arbitrary premises is the most likely to be the right 1. We assume that black holes exist, and continue to do their ain single grade in the existence we live in. Bibliography A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes by Stephen W. Hawking Black Holes and Neutron Stars by Christopher Miller The Dynamic Universe by Theodore P. Snow Exploration of the Universe by Abell, Morrison, and Wolf Searching for Dark Matter by Mario Mateo Black Holes 31e

Indian Independence Essays

Indian Independence Essays Indian Independence Essay Indian Independence Essay 1. What do you learn from Source A about the origins of the Quit India Campaign? The Quit India campaign started when members of Congress were angry and frustrated with the British Labour government, which led the leaders of the Congress to announce the Quit India campaign headed by Gandhi. Gandhi launched the Quit India campaign during WW2 because of the failure of the Cripps mission. In source A Gandhi says how can we fight for democracy when we have not got it ourselves. He is only thinking of this from one point of view. If he had thought about it from another perspective he would know that the Indians were not fighting for Britain but for India. The Japanese were on the borders of India and could invade it. Then the Indian people could forget the question of independence. But if they helped Britain fight the Japanese then they could start talking about independence as was promised to them. He then says I do not want Japan to win. How could that be possible when he is telling his people not to fight and the Japanese are at the borders of India. Lastly he says I am sure that Britain cannot win unless the Indian people become free. This is like a threat; maybe that is why he got arrested the very next day and put into prison until the war was over. 2. Does the evidence of source C support the evidence of sources A and B about the reasons for opposition to British rule in the 1940s? Explain your answer. The evidence of source C partly supports the evidence of sources A and B. Muhammad Ali Jinnah made the statement (source C) in 1940, the year he demanded the creation of Pakistan and the time when he had the support of the British. He was making the point that Hindus and Muslims and their aims were fundamentally different except for one thing British rule-and the common desire to get rid of it. To him Muslims were a completely different race who were only helping the Hindus to be free of British rule so that they could get what Jinnah, their leader, was aiming for. Which was a new state carved out of India for the Muslims and to be known as Pakistan. Source A is an interview given by M.K.Gandhi in 1942, the year when he got locked up and Japan had reached Burma. He is using moral arguments to tell his people not to help the British. He is in particular trying to remind the people who are helping the British army in particular, that they are fighting for freedom when they themselves are like prisoners in their own land. How can we fight for democracy when we have not got it ourselves? Source B, from the autobiography of Jawaharlal Nehru. He probably wrote it in 1939, the year WW2 started because he is referring to how Indians are sent to war without the slightest reference to them. He is saying that how could a foreigner put the lives of four hundred million Indians in danger as fast as blinking an eye. The idea of a great country like India being treated as a mere possession. In conclusion the evidence of all the sources come down to one point, which is British rule and what could be gained from freedom. 3. How useful are sources D and E in Helping you to understand why the policy of the British Government towards independence for India changed after the Second World War? Source D is very useful as it is a statement from a member of the Labour government sent to India on a mission to make India independent. Source D shows us that after WW2 Britain could no longer keep control of a large country like India as it was fought to a standstill during the war and needed to think more about Britains recovery than any other country. It shows that Britain wanted to get out of India as soon as possible quite obviously impossible was to decide to continue our responsibility indefinitely, stated Cripps. He says he has two alternatives; the first one, strengthen British control in India could not possibly happen because at the same time he says we were demobilising the British armed forces from India and the East. Source E is also very useful as it is an eyewitness account of Direct Action Day by a Briton who presumably is not biased. It tells us that the situation in India was well out of the control of the British and the situation was deteriorating by the minute. If from one protest and one place people from one religion can kill people from another, you could imagine what would happen all over India if Britain did not do anything. Source E shows communal violence was escalating. You could see a crop of one religion or another being laid on their faces and being beheaded into the river the river was literally choked with dead bodies. The British knew they had to give India independence but the question that was delaying this was how to give independence. 4. Use sources F and G, and your own knowledge, to help you explain why India was partitioned in 1947. India was partitioned in 1947 as a last alternative. After years of talks and the failure of the Cripps mission it was quite obvious that there was no way you could get the Muslims and Hindus to live to together peacefully. The two people had nothing in common but their nationality. Their religion, language, writing and their way of life were different. For example, the slaughtering of cows by Muslims was offensive to Hindus who consider the cow a sacred animal. The situation in India in the 1940s was just chaos, it had turned into a civil war which the Viceroys government was powerless to stop. When it appeared the Congress had no desire to share power with the Muslim League at the central government, Jinnah declared August 16 1946, Direct Action Day, which was meant to be a peaceful demonstration but it bought about communal violence, rioting and massacres in many paces in the north. Source F, a photograph taken in Calcutta on Direct Action Day shows, a Hindu temple set on fire presumably by Muslims and in response you can see the police using tear gas to drive the protesters back. This Direct Action Day made people aware of the vast differences between Hindus and Muslims. Gandhi was horrified by Direct Action Day because that was completely against his aim, he had wanted to achieve a united India but without any violence. Earlier in 1920 he said that by self-rule he meant two things, self-government for India and self-control. He believed the second was the way to achieve the first. So he accepted Jinnahs idea of Pakistan reluctantly. Source G is a report written by the commander-in-chief of the Indian Army, on the independence day of Pakistan. He says the army and police are powerless to stop the violence as the police were defecting and joining in the violence thus making it impossible to get it under control. The most disturbing feature here is the defection of the police who are mostly Muslim. Communal violence in Calcutta and other cities still remained because people were furious that they had to leave their lifes work behind, so they took up arms against the other religion. To try and stop this violence, Gandhi, instead of going to the independence ceremony of India, stayed in Calcutta, where he predicted the most violence would be and attempted to stop it. The area that was going to be hard to partition was Punjab as there were three inhabitants of that area, Muslims, Sikhs, and Hindus. The Sikhs as well as the Hindus didnt like the Muslims so they started armed rebellion against the Muslims. Source G says the strife here was started by Sikhs which are carrying out raids on Muslim villages one band is reputed to have killed 200 Muslims in one village. The British had to partition India for they could no longer stop the communal violence, the police were defecting and joining in the violence, the army was powerless to stop this, it was madness and chaos everywhere, there was no stability and no law and order. 5. The partition of India in 1947 could not have been avoided. Use the sources and your own knowledge to explain whether you agree with this view. There are two answers Yes or No. Im going to explain both points and come up with a conclusion, which will be my own view. The idea of partitioning India was a really late development and there had been some hope of an undivided India, with a government consisting of three tiers along basically the same lines as the borders of India and Pakistan at the time of Partition. However, Congress rejection of the interim government set up under this Cabinet Mission Plan in 1942 convinced the leaders of the Muslim League that compromise was impossible and partition was the only course to take. Therefore the partitioning of India could have been avoided, had Jawaharlal Nehru accepted the interim governments cabinet mission. It became inevitable only after Nehru rejected the interim governments cabinet mission plan after winning majority seats in the provincial elections of 1937. The British had followed a divide-and-rule policy in India. They categorised people according to religion and viewed and treated them as separate from each other. The government laws passed in 1909, 1919 and 1935 had reserved representatives for Muslims thus creating an idea that Muslims were different from Hindus. In 1935 the British government passed the India Act that proposed the transformation of India into eleven provincial states. The legislation also gave greater authority to the provincial assemblies to establish governments for questions falling within their own region. After the 1937 elections Jinnah expected Congress to co-operate with the League by giving it a share of government posts in some provinces. However, the League had won less than 5 per cent of the total Muslim vote, Congress therefore refused to give the League anything. Jinnah felt betrayed and went back to transforming the League into a stronger position to bargain with Congress. The Muslim League gained power also due to the Congress. The Congress banned any support for the British during the Second World War. However the Muslim League pledged its full support. The Civil Disobedience Movement and the consequent withdrawal of the Congress party from politics also helped the League gain power, as they formed strong ministries in the provinces that had large Muslim populations. At the same time, the League actively campaigned to gain more support from the Muslims in India especially under the guidance of dynamic leaders like Jinnah. With the Congress out of the way and the full support of the British, Jinnah in 1940 went for the extreme demand to bargain with congress, which was a new state carved out of India for the Muslims to be known as Pakistan. Even the viceroy at that time supported this idea to some extent. He didnt really think he would get it but it was a strong position to bargain from. He himself favoured a united India with strong provincial government so that Muslims would have more say whereas the congress wanted Strong central government, that was the only thing making Jinnah more determined to get Pakistan. So from this point of view India could have stayed as one if only M.L and I.N.C accepted the Cripps mission. And maybe Gandhi might never have been assassinated. From another and more moral point of view the partitioning of India at all costs could not have been avoided. Tension between Muslims and Hindus was unbearable as you can see from the sources I mentioned earlier. In source H, a book about events in the Punjab in September 1947, it describes a train journey from India to Pakistan. Hundreds of Sikhs attacked the train and My wife, who was seven months pregnant, was pressed on the belly resulting in an abortion a few hours later. The train started only when nobody was left to kill. This describes just one train journey from India to Pakistan so you could imagine what would have happened in residential areas of India. In source F you can see in the photograph that from one protest in one area in one day caused this much riot and bloodshed then you would have to keep these two people apart which in the long term would have to lead to partition. On the same day we have an eye-witness (Source E) account of what happened and to furthermore prove my point that India should have been partition, you should read the following statements from an unbiased Briton. You could see a crop of one religion or another being beheaded into the river. After the riot the river was literally choked with dead bodies. So coming to a conclusion I say the British did the right thing in partitioning India. They left India divided in two. The two countries were founded on the basis of religion, with Pakistan as an Islamic state and India as a secular one. India should have been partitioned because that would have been in the interests of both people.

Communication in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication in business - Essay Example Microsoft, being a technological company cannot do without expert technicians. The company faces the challenge of hiring the technologically best people who are in scarcity as far US is concerned. The scarcity of local workforce to fulfil the technological demands of Microsoft has been a huge challenge for the company. In order to deal with this problem , the Company holds recruitment drives in countries like India and China which are known for being rich in technically sound people and pays them hefty packages. But, the citizens of China and India often do not possess good communication skills which is again a challenge for the company. The next major issue faced by the company relates to co-employment. Microsoft has also faced legal challenges regarding the privileges given to employees of the firm vs. the temporary workers. The most popular case that Microsoft lost concerning this issue was the Vizcaino vs. Microsoft case of employee misclassification. Another issue talks about Criticism from employees of Microsoft in blogs, social networking sites, etc, huge segment of employee workforce at Microsoft is criticizing the firm. Employees are dissatisfied with the internal working of Microsoft. The major dissatisfaction in employees is about the cuts in compensation by the company as the profits soar. For a brand as huge as Microsoft, bad publicity happens really soon. The major challenge which Microsoft is facing as far as employment is concerned is that of retention management. The attrition rate of employees is increasing every passing year. Microsoft is losing some of its most creative workforce to its competitors like Google, Apple, Skype (which is not owned by e Bay).In this regard, Microsoft has also sued Google for over hiring of its former employees. A major proportion of Microsoft’s talent has been reported to join Google. This is not just a loss of talent for Microsoft, but along with this, the Company is also facing a

Intercultural communication( this is the course I'm studying, not the Assignment - 2

Intercultural communication( this is the course I'm studying, not the topic) - Assignment Example This is why I avoided talking about prohibited food items and drinks as it is uncommon in the country. Hence it is visible that the intercultural context is an important consideration in choosing the subject of any conversation. The cultural setting of the American society along with its diverse population calls for the need to avoid topics such as religion, politics, etc to avoid instigating disagreements. In many cultures, communication is more open and straightforward such as the student’s Dutch relative. In such a case, an American may seem more reserved in initial conversations whereas the Dutch are more casual in their communication. War and peace is a slippery subject matter. Subjects related to war are typically not viewed in a positive light which is evident in the response by the old ladies. Most people view war as an aggressive and violent action, which is why the old ladies responded thus depicting

Post Operative Outcome of Extended Nasolabial Flaps

Post Operative Outcome of Extended Nasolabial Flaps TITLE: Reconstruction of post release intraoral Oral Submucous Fibrosis defects by Extended Naso-Labial flaps versus Platysma myocutaneous muscle flaps: A Comparative Study. ABSTRACT- We compared post operative outcome of extended Nasolabial flaps with Platysma myocutaneous muscle flaps, in the management of 20 randomly selected patients with histologically confirmed oral submucous fibrosis. Patients and Methods: All patients in the study were treated by release of fibrous bands and bilateral coronoidectomy. In addition reconstruction was done in ten patients with extended nasolabial flaps (Nasolabial group) and in another ten patients with platysma myocutaneous muscle flaps (Platysma group). In the nasolabial group the mean preoperative interincisal mouth opening was 12 mm (range 3-14 mm) and in platysma group it was 11 mm (~ 3-13 mm). Vigorous post-operative physiotherapy was advised to all 20 patients and they were followed up for next 3 years .The interincisal mouth opening improved to 47 mm (~35-51 mm) in the nasolabial group and 48 mm (~ 41-52 mm) in the platysma group. Conclusion: Both the procedures were equally effective in management of oral submucous fibrosis in terms of postoperative interincisal mouth opening. However the facial extra-oral scars were not aesthetically acceptable in the nasolabial group, which were prevented when Platysmal myocutaneous muscle flaps were used for the reconstruction of post release oral submucous fibrosis defects. INTRODUCTION Oral submucous fibrosis is an insidious, chronic, disabling disease of obscure aetiology that affects the entire oral cavity, sometimes the pharynx and rarely the larynx. It is characterised by blanching and stiffness of oral mucosa, which causes progressive limitations of mouth opening and intolerance to hot and spicy food. It is an established precancerous condition which is seen mostly in the Indian subcontinent. Its precancerous nature was first described by Paymaster 1, who recorded the onset of slowly growing squamous cell carcinomas in one third of the patients. Murti et al, 2 reported the malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis. As the aetiology is uncertain, its treatment has largely been symptomatic and various treatments have been described vastly in literature with inconsistent results. In this study, two techniques for the closure of post release oral submucous fibrosis defects were compared. The importance of coronoidectomy was emphasised and two local flaps were used for reconstruction. We hypothecated that the platysma myocutaneous muscle flaps would be a better option than extended nasolabial flaps in terms of unaesthetic extraoral facial scars for the management of oral submucous fibrosis.3,4,5. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty consecutive patients who were treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, SDKS Dental College and Hospital, Hingna, Nagpur (18 men and 2 women aged between 18 to 41 yrs of age), were randomly selected for this retrospective study. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee. No patient had preoperative interincisal opening more than 25mm. Following aseptic precautions, all patients were intubated using the fibreoptic bronchoscope and operated under general anaesthesia. Incisions were made using an electrosurgical knife from the corner of the mouth to the soft palate at the level of the linea alba avoiding injury to the Stenson’s duct. The bands were cut and the interincisal opening recorded. The coronoid processes were approached via the same incision and bilateral coronoidectomy or coronoidotomy was done. The maxillary and mandibular third molars were extracted. In the nasolabial group, extended nasolabial flaps as described by Borle et al 4, were raised for grafting from the tip of nasolabial fold to the inferior border of the mandible. The flaps were raised bilaterally in the plane of the superficial musculo-aponeurotic system from both terminal points to the region of the central pedicle. The diameter of the pedicle was roughly 1cm and it was distanced 1cm lateral to the corner of the mouth (Fig. 1). The flap was transposed intraorally through a small trans-buccal tunnel near the commissure of the mouth without tension. The inferior wing of the flap was sutured to the anterior edge of the defect, while the superior wing was sutured to the posterior edge of the defect. The extraoral defect was closed primarily in layers after liberal undermining of the skin in the subcutaneous plane to prevent any tension across the suture line. In the platysma group, a superiorly based platysma myocutaneous muscle flap was raised as described by D.A Baur 5 and used for reconstruction of the intraoral defects. With the neck hyper extended, the proposed skin paddle was outlined on the ipsilateral neck, below the inferior border of the mandible (Fig. 2). The superior incision was made first and the plane superficial to the platysma muscle was dissected carefully cephalic to the inferior border of the mandible. A skin incision was then made at the inferior line of the skin paddle, with additional exposure of the platysma muscle inferiorly. The platysma muscle was transected sharply at least 1cm inferior to the edge of skin paddle, and a subplatysmal plane of dissection developed just below the inferior border of the mandible. If the cervical branch of the facial nerve was to be incorporated, it was necessary to identify the nerve in the superficial layer of deep cervical fascia with careful dissection and preservation of its pr oximal portion. Once the plane of dissection was fully developed, the platysma myocutaneous flap was transected vertically, anteriorly and posteriorly for its full mobilisation. The flap was then introduced into the oral defect by creating an appropriately sized soft tissue tunnel. The harvested flap was sutured to the defect, which was created by release of the fibrous bands. The donor site was easily closed in layers, totally avoiding any unacceptable facial scar and obtaining by far a much better cosmetic result (as shown in Fig. 3b). A soft temporomandibular joint trainer was placed in the oral cavity post operatively for 10 days to prevent dehiscence of the flap, as result of occlusal trauma. After a latent period of 10 days, physiotherapy was started with the help of Hister’s jaw exerciser to prevent contracture and relapse. The patients were instructed about the exercises and mandated to do them for the next 6 months until they were followed up in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. We used the Student’s unpaired t test for statistical analysis of the study. RESULTS There were 2 groups of 10 patients each, one of which had nasolabial flaps, and the other platysma myocutaneous flaps.The differences in mouth opening were as shown in Table 1. All patients in nasolabial group developed extra-oral facial scars, compared with none in the platysma group. The differences in mouth opening before and after the surgery were almost similar in both groups (p) There were some complications in the nasolabial group including partial flap necrosis, particularly at the tips, temporary widening of oral commissure, unsightly extra oral scars as shown in (Fig. 3a), subluxation of the Temporomandibular Joint, perforation of the palate and intraoral growth of hair. In the platysma group, few patients developed temporary paraesthesia, which was noticed over the lateral cervical region, subluxation of the mandible and scars over the lower neck region which were usually covered by the shirt’s collar and not visible extra orally on the face. There were no delayed complications in the platysma group, but 2 patients in the nasolabial group had a â€Å"fish mouth† deformity, even after a year (Table 2). DISCUSSION The treatment of oral submucous fibrosis is mainly symptomatic, as the aetiology is not clearly understood and it is of progressive nature. Conservative treatments include multi-vitamins, iron supplementation and intra-lesional injections of hyaluronidase, placental extracts and steroids to name a few. Submucosal injections of various drugs may produce temporary symptomatic relief but can lead to aggravated fibrosis, pronounced trismus and increased morbidity from mechanical injury, secondary to the needle prick injury 6. Different treatment plans and surgical interventions have been proposed by various authors with variable success rates. Excision of fibrous bands and propping the mouth open to allow secondary epithelisation is known to cause rebound fibrosis during healing. The release of fibrous bands followed by split thickness skin grafting results in high recurrence rate following contracture. The survival of full thickness skin grafts is questionable. The use of an island palatal flap based on the greater palatine artery was recommended by Khanna et al., but has limitations including involvement of donor tissue with the limited reach of the flap, as well as the need to extract the maxillary second molar tooth, so that the flap is not under tension.7 The bilateral tongue flap causes severe dysphagia, disarticulation, and it carries unwarranted risk of aspiration. It also provides a limited amount of donor tissue as its reach is inadequate. The doubtful stability of tongue flaps and their dehiscence are the most common post operative complications caused due to uncontrolled tongue movements.8 Buccal fat pads may also be used to cover the defects after excision of fibrous bands and also as their harvest is simple. However in patients with chronic disease they are likely to be atrophic. In addition, the anterior reach of buccal fat pads is inadequate and thus the region anterior to the cuspids often is required to be left raw; which therefore heals by secondary intention and subsequent fibrosis, leading to gradual relapse. 9 Bilateral radial forearm flaps are hairy, and nearly half the patients require a secondary debulking procedure. Facilities for free tissue transfer are not universally available. 10 Caniff et al 11 recommended temporal myotomy or coronoidectomy to release severe trismus caused by the atrophic changes in the tendon of the temporalis muscle secondary to the disease. If the mouth opening was still less than 35 mm after bilateral fibrotomy, then for every case bilateral coronoidectomy was done, which increases the per-operative mouth opening. Complications like extra oral facial scars and intraoral growth of hair were common observation in our study when extended nasolabial flaps were used for reconstruction of defects. The patient’s compliance was not very good as far as facial aesthetics were concerned in the nasolabial group. These issues are taken care of when the platysma myocutaneous flap is harvested. The technique of platysma muscle flap however is more challenging as compared to that of extended nasolabial flap and needs to be mastered properly. CONCLUSION Surgical management of oral sub mucous fibrosis not only permits mouth opening but also facilitates the oral examinations for early detection and timely management of malignant transformation. This comparative study of Nasolabial flaps versus Platysma myocutaneous muscle flaps for reconstruction of intraoral post release oral submucous fibrosis defects emphasises on avoiding the extra oral facial scars in the patient. The postoperative mouth opening three years after surgery was comparable in both the techniques, however with better aesthetic outcomes in the platysmal group. We recommend the use of platysma muscle flap as compared to the extended nasolabial flap for reconstruction of the intraoral defects after release of oral sub mucous fibrosis .The facial aesthetics are not compromised in this technique. The risk of broadening of the commissure and pinched appearance of the lips are subsequently avoided. As the incision is far away from the face, and situated infero-laterally on the neck, the scars are hidden underneath the shirt’s collar, without hampering the facial aesthetics, avoiding an unsightly facial scar and ultimately resulting in better patient compliance and acceptance in today’s conscious society.

Cell Phones & Classrooms Essay

Cell phones are a relatively recent invention, but they have greatly improved our way of life. School-age children are now starting to get their own phones at earlier times, and with them obtaining their phones, they start to carry their phones everywhere; so therefore, there is a risk of the children using their phones during school. Now, one would think that this is something that should be punished, but in reality, it opens many doors for education and educators. Cell Phones should be allowed in class because of how much of an effect they would have on students, teachers, and school systems. Computers are very costly, and with the introduction of cell phones in the classroom, schools would not have to pay money for new computers. Spotsylvania County Schools are in somewhat of an economic downturn, and if no computers were bought, and students were allowed to use cell phones, then the County’s technology expenses would decrease. Cell phones cost less than computers, and no keyboards or mice need to be bought, saving even more money. Students and parents would pay for their own phones, lifting the burden off of the schools. Money is hard for most people and schools to come by in this day and age, and letting the students have their cell phones in class would allow the school system to spend more money on and fund more useful things, such as teachers and sports teams. Phones are more reasonable to have than large, bulky desktop computers. Desktops are becoming outdated and unnecessary because of how many pieces are necessary to be brought for the whole computer. Phones are just one piece small and light, making them extremely portable, unlike the colossal computers that the schools have. As a cause of this, it would make it easier for students to take their work home and do research, just because of how conveyable and convenient the phones are. With the implementation of phones in the classroom, it would render the desktop useless, saving the schools a large amount of money. Many people think that schools should ban cell phones completely, but that is just not true. What the people don’t understand is that the students can and will use their phones for educational purposes. There are now apps, such as Dropbox, that allow students to sync folders containing documents on their computers to their phones, which is an ultimately successful way to use the phone. People who oppose this also think that the phones wouldn’t be cost effective. If one compares the average price for a computer, around or above $700, and the average price for a smart phone, around $200, they can see that it is actually much more cost effective. No peripherals for the phones need to be purchased either, unlike for the computers. Some people think that cell phones are a bad thing, but when one looks at the effects it has on things, such as saving money and useful resources. Cell phones, at this time, are a very controversial topic, whether being used while driving or in the classroom. Cell phones are much more cost effective than computers. Cell phones are also infinitely more portable than desktop computers. The ability of students being able to have phones would allow them to see new things that change the way they think about life. Cell phones should be allowed in the schools because of the ultimate positive effect that they would have on the educators, students, and the overall school system.

Mahogany Seed as a Termiticide to Kill Termites

Mahogany used in multistory systems in the Philippines, boat and ship building and patternmaking. Logs are used for the manufacture of veneers and for paneling. It is also used as shade for coffee and cacao. Mahogany is regarded as the worlds finest timber for high-class furniture and cabinetwork. Its popularity is especially due to its attractive appearance in combination with ease of working,excellent finishing qualities and dimensional stability. Mahogany is also often used for interior trim suchas paneling, doors and decorative borders.It is used for boat building, often as a decorative wood for luxury yatch and ocean liners, although it is also used when a medium-weight timber with other goodqualities is required. It is sometimes applied make it particularly suitable for precision woodwork suchas models and patterns, instrument cases, clocks, printer's block and parts of musical instruments; for these purposes, uniform straight-grained material is used. Other minor uses include burial caskets, woodcarvings, novelties, toys and turnery.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYMahogany a large tropical tree with a symmetrical appearance, best-known for its valuableheartwood. The tree is also appreciated as a beautiful and useful street tree. A fast-growing, graceful,straight-trunked, semi-deciduous tree growing to 30-70ft. Most trees, particularly planted street treesgrow to 30-40ft. It looses its leaves just as new leafs sprout, so while deciduous, the tree is not withoutleaves for long. Tiny flowers are followed by 4-5†³, woody fruits that burst open to expel the seeds. Mahogany is a valuable hardwood and this tree was once extensively harvested for its wood.A relatedtree, S. macrophylla, now provides most commercial mahogany. The tree also makes an excellent streettree specimen in warmer climates as is popular for this purpose. Miami, Florida has numerousmahogany trees planted throughout the city for this purpose. The termites are a group of eusocial insects usually c lassified at the taxonomic rank of order Isoptera (but see also taxonomy below). Along with ants and some bees and wasps which are all placedin the separate order Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among gender lines, produce overlappinggenerations and take care of young collectively.Termites mostly feed on dead plant material, generallyin the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung, and about 10% of the estimated 4,000 species(about 2,600 taxonomically known) are economically significant as pests that can cause seriousstructural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests. Termites are major detritivores, particularlyin the subtropical and tropical regions, and their recycling of wood and other plant matter is of considerable ecological importance. Their role in bioturbation on the Khorat Plateau is under investigation.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYNowadays, people usually choose new innovations (features) to kill termites or any other pests. Pesticides are usually used to kill a particular target pest, many will also kill or harm species that thefarmer or other user is not targeting. For example, pesticides applied to crops might be washed intostreams or lakes and harm fish, beneficial insects, birds, or even find their way into drinking water sources. With this regard topic it includes improvement in human quality of life and lower food costs. Contributed significantly to improving the quality of life and safeguarding the environment.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMIt should be only used and tested in termites.B. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKHYPOTHESISMahoganyseed extract Used a stermiticide tokill termitesOBSERVATORY;On Savanna, Termites Are a Force for Good By SINDYA N. BHANOOPublished: June 1, 2010The African savanna has a cornucopia of majestic creatures — lions, elephants and giraffes amongthem. But behind the scenes, it is the tiny termite that fuels much of this diversity, a new study reports. Researchers studying termites in Kenya's central highlands found that the abundance of flora andfauna is markedly higher atop termite mounds.†We noticed these circular green patches,† said Todd Palmer, a co-author of the study and a professorof biology at the University of Florida. †They had a lot of vegetation and plant material on top of them,and the grass was greener than in other areas. †The patches were 30 feet in diameter and spaced several hundred feet apart. Dr. Palmer and his colleagues did some digging, and underneath each patch they found millions of termites in subterranean mounds. Quantitatively, they found that plants grow about 60 percent largeron the patches compared with other areas.The nitrogen content of the plants on the mound is about20 percent higher, and trees on mounds bear 120 percent more fruit. Animal populations also droppedoff significantly the farther they were located from a patch. Termite mounds are rich in nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, and termites also help loosen soilto p romote water absorption, Dr. Palmer said. Other animals visit the lush patches to eat and end updefecating and urinating there, adding their own nutrients and triggering more plant growth. In the human world, termites are seen as pests for their remarkable ability to eat into dead wood.Butin the animal kingdom, Dr. Palmer said, this is what makes them so desirable. †They are basically consuming dead wood and plant materials,† he said. †In their absence, that would just lie there and there would be no way to break down the organic material and convert it to nitrogenand phosphorus. †How Termites Live on a Diet of Wood By NNIICCHHOOLLAASSWWAADDEE Published: November 14, 2008 If only wood could be converted tobbiioof f uueellss, there would be no need to wait a million years for thetrees to be buried and become oil. Wood isindeed convertible to useful chemicals, because termitesdo it every day, causing $1 billion of damage every year in the United States. But to live on a diet of wood is challenging, not least because wood contains so little nitrogen. So how do termites do it? Visual ScienceScientists rely on graphics and other visuals to present their findings to the world. This feature takesraw graphics from various scientific journals and unpacks the stories they tell. The trick lies in a cunning triple symbiosis, a team of Japanese scientists report in Fridays issue of Science.In the termites gut lives an amoeba-like microbe called a protist, and inside each protist livesome 10,000 members of an obscure bacterium. The microbes in the termites gut are very hard to cultivate outside their termite host and so cannot bestudied in the lab. The Japanese scientists, led by Yuichi Hongoh and Moriya Ohkuma at the RIKENAdvanced Science Institute in Saitama, have cut through this problem. They extracted the protistsbacteria directly from a termites gut, collected enough to analyze their DNA, and then decoded the1,114,206 units of DNA in the bacter iums genome. WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2007Entomologists discover cellulase genes in termite gutS As scientists search for alternatives to fossil fuel, producing chemical energy from wood fiber has become a big challenge. Several research organisations and biotech companies are trying to discover enzymes that break down cellulose into glucose in an efficient way (earlier post). However, termites have been working this alchemy for millions of years. A University of Florida (UF) study published last month in the journal Gene sheds new light on the mysterious and complex process that enables the insects to eat the cellulose, the main structural component of plant cells.For people and most animals, cellulose is indigestible, but termites break it down easily into glucose, a form of sugar most organisms need. These sugars can be fermented into bio-products, such as ethanol or bioplastics. The study identifies four genes that produce enzymes responsible for taking cellulose molecules apart in a process called cellulase (picture, click to enlarge) insight that could lead to breakthroughs in energy production and pest control, said Michael Scharf, an assistant research scientist with UF’s entomology department and a co-author of the paper.The scientists looked at the dominant termite species in the U. S. but they are sure they haven't identified all the genes involved in producing these enzymes yet. Only one of the genes actually belongs to the insect researchers studied, the eastern subterranean termite. The other three belong to microscopic organisms known as symbionts that live inside the termite’s digestive system: â€Å"The termites provide the symbionts with a home, and the symbionts pay the rent by producing enzymes,† says Sharf. Altogether, there may be hundreds of cellulose-digesting enzymes produced by the termites and their tiny tenants, Scharf said.One potential payoff from the research is that scientists may be able to transfer specific enzyme-producing genes into bacteria, then culture them to produce large quantities of enzymes to make ethanol from wood scraps and other fibrous materials, he said. Known as cellulosic ethanol, this fuel has gained worldwide attention because it doesn’t require edible material such as corn, used in conventional ethanol production. The interaction of multiple genes makes cellulose digestion an efficient process in termites, but scientists want to pin down enzyme combinations that will digest cellulose affordably, Scharf said.Many genes remain undiscovered, and UF researchers have applied for funding to support a massive effort to identify all cellulose-digesting genes in the eastern subterranean termite and its common symbionts. Greater genetic knowledge could also aid in termite control, an important issue in Florida, which accounts for about one-third of control efforts in the United States, said Phil Koehler, a UF entomology professor and co-author of the paper. By identi fying enzymes most crucial to termite digestion, scientists may be able to kill the insects by shutting down selected genes, he said.Termite-control strategies, such as bait systems or treated lumber, would be environmentally friendly because they would have no effect on organisms that don’t eat cellulose, he said. â€Å"Anything we do with this kind of work will reduce the need for conventional pesticides,† Koehler said. Development of enzyme-blocking products could happen but will require attention to termite behavior, said Brian Forschler, an entomology professor at the University of Georgia in Athens. Recent research shows that termites, which live in colonies that can number 1 million, often consume partially digested material excreted by their compatriots, he said.So it would be important that bait products not disrupt termites’ feeding behavior. If it did, termites might avoid an enzyme-stopping bait and instead share more partially digested food. â€Å" You just have to remember that you’re dealing with an entire termite colony,† Forschler said. â€Å"This research holds a great deal of promise. † Further termite genetics research could reveal effective methods of disrupting termite social behavior, perhaps in ways that cause the insects to die, said Faith Oi, an assistant extension scientist with UF’s entomology and nematology department.â€Å"The model for exploiting the termite’s social behavior for control is not new,† said Oi, another co-author of the paper. â€Å"In terms of pest control, we can look to this area of science enhancing existing methods. † Bed Bug Herbal Remedies Work Well With Traps July 15, 2013 THE NEEM TREE (Azadirachta indica), a medicinal mahogany tree (Meliaceae) native to arid broadleaf and scrub forests in Asia (e. g. India), has been used for over 4,000 years in Vedic medicine and has a heavy, durable wood useful for furniture and buildings because it is resistant to termites and fungi.Nonetheless, despite US EPA registration as a pesticide for crop and home use and a long legacy of neem seed oil use for cosmetics, shampoos, toothpastes and medicines in India, Ohio State University researcher Susan Jones could not find any households near her Columbus, Ohio, home willing to try neem in her bed bug control experiments. â€Å"We had no study takers because of the regulatory requirements,† which scared off people, Jones told the Entomological Society of America (ESA) Annual Meeting.â€Å"You have to read page after page to residents about toxicity without being able to talk about the toxicity of alternative products† not as safe as neem. In October 2012, an empty house with bed bugs became available for research when its occupant opted to escape a bad bed bug infestation by leaving the infested home; and inadvertently transferred the infestation to their new home. Jones monitored the empty house by placing in each room fo ur (4)Verifi(TM) CO2 (carbon dioxide) traps and four (4) Climbup(R) Interceptor traps. Visual inspections revealed few bed bugs.On October 24, 2012, prior to neem treatments, 38 bed bugs were captured in Climbup(R) traps, indicating bed bug infestations only in the master bedroom and bed of the empty house. Eight Verifi(TM) traps captured 48 bed bugs in the dining room, guest room and master bedroom. As part of an IPM (integrated pest management) approach using multiple treatment tools: Electrical sockets were treated with MotherEarth(R) D diatomaceous earth; 3. 67 gal (13. 9 l) at a rate of 1 gal/250 ft2 (3. 9 l/23 m2). Gorilla Tape(R) was used to seal around the doors and exclude bed bug movement from other rooms.The neem seed oil product, Cirkil (TM) RTU, was sprayed in various places, including on books, backs of picture frames and cardboard boxes. Vials of the insecticide-susceptible Harlan bed bug strain were placed around the house for on-site neem seed oil vapor toxicity ass ays. Two days after spraying, bed bug mortality from neem seed oil vapors was highest in confined spaces; with 48% mortality in vials placed between the mattress and box spring, versus 28% mortality in open spaces. On Nov. 6, two weeks post-treatment, 123 dead bed bugs were vacuumed up and live bed bugs were detected in a second bedroom.Bed bug numbers were low because the monitoring traps were doing double duty, also providing population suppression by removing many bed bugs. Herbal oils can also be combined with heat chambers at 50 C (122 F) or carbon dioxide (CO2) fumigation chambers to combat bed bugs. However, heat chambers are expensive, and CO2 fumigation with dry ice can pose handling difficulties and room air circulation issues, Dong-Hwan Choe of the University of California, Riverside, told the Entomological Society of America (ESA).Herbal essential oils are useful against head lice, and in Choe’s native Korea clove oil from from the leaves and flower buds of clove plants (Syzygium aromaticum) is used in aromatherapy and as a medicine. Clove oil is rich in GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) compounds such as eugenol, beta-caryophyllene and methyl salicylate (sometimes called wintergreen oil), which are useful as vapors in control of insects and microbes. In dentistry, clove oil (eugenol) is widely used as an antiseptic and pain reliever.Clove essential oils work faster in closed spaces or fumigation chambers (e. g. vials, Mason jars) than in open spaces. Essential oils are even slower to kill bed bugs when orally ingested. In experiments at varied temperatures, Choe placed 10 bed bugs in plastic vials with mesh tops. The vials were placed inside 900 ml (1. 9 pint) Mason jars; filter paper treated with essential oils was placed on the underside of the Mason jar tops. Herbal essential oils worked faster at higher temperatures.For example, methyl salicylate fumigant vapors provided 100% bed bug mortality in 30 hours at 26 C (79 F); 10 hours at 3 5 C (95 F); and 8 hours at 40 C (104 F). Eugenol vapors produced similar results; there were no synergistic or additive effects from combining eugenol and methyl salicylate. Choe told the ESA that his future trials will include: botanical oil granules; exposing bed bug-infested items to essential oil vapors; and checking for sublethal essential oil effects on parameters such as female bed bug reproduction.Narinderpal Singh of Rutgers placed bed bugs on cotton fabric squares treated (half left untreated) with synthetic pesticide and herbal essential oil products: 1) Temprid(TM) SC, a mixture of imidacloprid and cyfluthrin (neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides); 2) Ecoraider(TM) (Reneotech, North Bergen, NJ) contains FDA GRAS ingredients labeled as â€Å"made from extracts of multiple traditional herbs that have been used in Asia for hundreds of years for therapy and to repel insects;† 3) Demand(R) CS, which contains lambda-cyhalothrin (a pyrethroid insecticide); 4) Bed Bu g Patrol(R) (Nature’s Innovation, Buford, FL), a mixture with the active ingredients listed as clove oil, peppermint oil and sodium lauryl sulfate. && Temprid(TM) SC and Demand(R) CS proved best on the cotton fabric test. In arena bioassays with Climbup(R)Interceptor traps, none of the four insecticides were repellent to bed bugs (i. e. repellency was less than 30%). Ecoraider(TM) was equal to Temprid(TM) SC and Demand(R) CS against the tough to kill bed bug eggs. Singh concluded that field tests of Ecoraider(TM) as a biopesticide were warranted.Changlu Wang of Rutgers told the ESA that travelers might be protected from bed bug bites and bring home fewer bed bugs if protected by essential oil repellents, as well as by more traditional mosquito and tick repellents like DEET, permethrin and picaridin. Repellents are more convenient and less expensive than non-chemical alternatives such as sleeping under bed bug tents and bandaging yourself in a protective suit. Isolongifolenone , an odorless sesquiterpene found in the South American Tauroniro tree (Humiria balsamifera), is among the botanicals being studied, as it can also be synthesized from turpentine oil and is as effective as DEET against mosquito and tick species.Bed bug arena tests involve putting a band of repellent around a table leg, with a Climbup(R)Interceptor trap below. If the bed bug falls into the trap, it is deemed to have been repelled from the surface above. In actual practice, the bed bug climbs up the surface and goes horizontal onto the treated surface and drops or falls off if the surface is repellent. Isolongifolenone starts losing its repellency after 3 hours; 5%-10% DEET works for about 9 hours. In arena tests with host cues, 25% DEET keeps surfaces repellent to bed bugs for 2 weeks. But isolongifolenone is considered safer, and Wang is testing higher rates in hopes of gettting a full day’s protection. How to Kill Termites: Treatment Options for HomeownersDon’t let th eir size fool you, termites are far from harmless. These small white insects feed on untreated wood piles around homes and can even start up a colony within the structure of your home–where wood is abundant. When termites find their way into homes, they can cause serious structural damage that requires costly repairs. If you’re wondering how to kill termites, contacting a professional to address the problem is the best treatment method you can choose to maintain the integrity of your home. There are different methods you can use to kill termites around your home, but remember that your safest option is to contact a professional to treat your home and property.If you’re waiting for your exterminator to come and inspect your home and you want to be proactive, there are a couple of different treatment options you can try. 1. Boric acid- This white powder is commonly used to kill roaches, but it works with termites as well. You can sprinkle it around the foundation of your home to keep termites from coming in. You’ll need to repeat this treatment every few days for at least two weeks before you notice a decline in the number of termites in your home. 2. Bait blocks-You can also place bait blocks around your home. You can find these in most grocery or hardware stores. These traps contain wood that’s been treated with pesticide.Once the termites find these traps, they’ll carry the poisoned wood back to the queen. Once the queen dies, the termites will be unable to reproduce. 3. Termiticide- If you know the location of the infestation, you can spray the area with a non-repellant termiticide, or you can sprinkle the area with Bio-Blast. Termites that come into contact with pest control products will infect other termites until that infection reaches the queen. However, it may take up to three months before your termite problem is under control. Home treatments can be less expensive than hiring a professional exterminator, but if you don’t treat the problem properly, termite damage can be costly.Your safest option is to contact a professional if you have any suspicion that termites are present. Contacting a professional to treat your termite problem as soon as possible can help you prevent much of this damage and save you from costly repairs. If you have a termite problem, contact one of the pest control experts at Landscaper. org to take care of the problem before it becomes worse. Research Article Termiticidal Activity of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) Benth Seed Extracts on the Termite Coptotermes intermediusSilvestri (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Bolarinwa Olugbemi Division of Termite Control and Ecology, Termite Research Laboratory, P. M.B. 656, Akure 340001, Nigeria Received 5 October 2011; Revised 14 November 2011; Accepted 28 November 2011 Academic Editor: Arthur G. Appel Copyright  © 2012 Bolarinwa Olugbemi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract The chemical and mineral composition of raw and boiled seeds of the African locust bean, Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) Benth, was determined while the termiticidal action of the aqueous, alcoholic, and acetone extracts of the bean seeds were investigated.Variations in the proximate and mineral composition of the raw and boiled seeds were obtained while heavy minerals such as cadmium, cobalt, lead, nickel, and copper had been leached out of the seed during the process of boiling. Extracts from the raw seeds exhibited varying degree of termiticidal activity, while extracts from the boiled seed had no effect on the workers of Coptotermes intermedius Silvestri. Alcoholic extracts were more active than the aqueous and acetone extracts. Termites die within 30?min, 40?min, and 110?min when exposed to concentration of 4?g?mL?1 treatments of alcoholic, aqueous, and acetone extracts, respectively. 1. Introduction Termites cause the most serious damage of all wood-feeding insects.In addition to timber and wood products, they attack growing trees, leather, rubber, and wool as well as agricultural crops [1]. Significant damage is caused by termites to man-made fabrics, polythene, plastics, metal foils, books, furniture, wooden telephone poles, wooden railway sweepers, and insulators of electric cables [2]. Damage caused by termites to wooden structures in the United States of America is estimated to be over 3 billion Dollars annually, with subterranean termites accounting for at least 80% of these damages [3]. Costs attributable to Coptotermes formosanus in the Hawaiian Islands alone are greater than 60 million Dollars per annum [4].Termites are so destructive in that they derive their nutrition from wood and other cellulotic materials. In Africa and elsewhere in the developing countries, there is hardly any data on either the quantum of damage d one by termites to agricultural crops, construction timbers, paper, and paper products, or the cost of control or repairing the damage done by these insect pests. The damage done by various termite species in Nigeria [2] ranged from scavenging on tree barks and dead branches, to eating out grooves in the roots and stems of plants. Past research efforts had focused more on chemical methods of control, with an obvious lack of attention placed on understanding the behavior and history of these termites.In view of mounting concerns over the side effect caused by the use of these toxic and environmentally unfriendly chemicals, direction of research is now focusing on alternative nontoxic, biological, and environmentally friendly methods of control. These methods include baiting systems, use of asphyxiant gases, application of extreme temperatures, barriers of various types, as well as biological control organisms [3, 5]. Extractives with insecticidal properties from naturally resistant w ood and plant species in form of phenolic, terpenoid, and flavonoid compounds, show great promise for prevention of termite attack [6–9]. Some of these substances may also act as feeding deterrent [10–12].The termite Coptotermes formosanus was found to be attracted and preferentially feed upon the amino acids, glutamic and aspartic acids [13]. These could be used to improve the effectiveness of baiting systems. Many of the chemicals causing attraction and avoidance in several tree species are polar molecules [14]. Investigation has shown that steaming of the heartwood of the Japanese larch, degraded or removed the chemicals responsible for the inhibition of termite attack [15]. A number of tree species such as the Alaska cedar, redwood, and teak [16] are resistant to termite attack. Neem was found to be a strong repellent to Coptotermes formosanus and was suggested as a barrier tree to protect more vulnerable plants [17].The use of high levels of carbon dioxide, for ex tended period of time has been successfully used to control termites in contained spaces [4]. The application of heated air to kill termites has shown to be successful in laboratory bioassays [18]. Liquid nitrogen has also been shown to be effective in eliminating termites in the laboratory [3]. These temperature-based control methods are showing great promise, but need more field studies on their effectiveness in natural settings. In other studies [19] Inundation with water was shown to cause a decline in foraging worker population. This could indicate possible applications to control, for example, the controlled flooding of the territories of specific termite colonies to reduce damage by foragers.Barriers to foraging termites that are being tested include sand, crushed granite, glass splinters, and metal shields. These methods have had mixed successes, thereby pointing to the need for more research in this area [3]. The African locust bean, Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) Benth, is a pere nnial leguminous tree, found growing wildly in forested and savanna belts in Nigeria. Fermented Parkia seeds are locally used in traditional soup seasoning, medicinal preparations and food additives [20]. In addition, boiled water obtained during fermentation process of P. biglobosa seeds is used in controlling termite infestation at the local level. In spite of this practice, few reports exist on the termiticidal properties of aqueous solution of P. biglobosa seeds.