7th Grade Science Fair Projects

Seventh grade and middle school, in general, are a big time for science fairs because its a wonderful educational level for students to come up with ideas to explore using the scientific method and ways to investigate their questions. Parents and teachers still provide direction, especially helping students devise manageable experiments and appropriate work technology to present their results. However, the actual experiment should be done by the 7th grader. The student should record data and analyze it to determine whether or not the hypothesis is supported. Here are some ideas appropriate for the 7th-grade level. 7th Grade Science Project Ideas and Questions Use a prism to show the spectrum of visible light on a sheet of paper. Mark the endpoints, which is how far into infrared and ultraviolet you can see. Compare your visual range with that of other family members or other students. Is there a difference in range between genders? Do family members have a similar range? See if you can draw any conclusions ​using the scientific method.Composting is a great way to reduce waste and recycle nutrients, yet some household products and foods are contaminated with heavy metals and organic chemicals. Devise a test to measure one of these chemicals and compare the concentration in compost versus that in the ordinary soil in your yard.Houseplants can absorb and detoxify indoor pollution. Do research to identify which houseplants are best at cleaning the air in a home, office, or classroom. Now, take the project to the next level and determine which plants are most practical, affordable, and useful. Make a chart of the chemicals the plants cl ean, whether the plants are toxic to children and pets, whether they can live in low-light conditions or require bright light or special care, how much the plants cost, and whether they are readily available.Which brand of ibuprofen (or the student could test another type of pain reliever) dissolves the most quickly?Does the pH of juice change over time?Insects can sense light and dark. Can they still see light if its only red or blue, etc.?How well does a football helmet really protect against impact? You could use a skating helmet or any other protective gear, depending on what you have available.How does the concentration of chlorine in water affect the rate or percentage of seed germination?What is the effect of watering schedules on the germination (or growth rate) of seeds from a certain plant?How does the presence of a given medication in water affect the survivability of Daphnia?Does the presence of de-icer salt affect the movement behavior of earthworms?Does the bounciness of a golf ball relate to its ability to be hit long-distance?Does the species of wood affect the rate at which it burns? Its heat output?Does the mass of a baseball bat relate to the distance the baseball travels?Is the paper towel brand that absorbs the most water the same as the brand that absorbs the most oil?

`` Rebel Music `` By Daniel Felsenfeld - 869 Words

Most humans want to learn things as they grow, because of the need to adapt and evolve as the landscape changes around them. As a person grows, the need to either learn a skill or perfect an ability to complete a task is increased. In Daniel Felsenfeld’s story, â€Å"Rebel Music†, he describes the music literacy he developed throughout his teenage years. This was due to him finding another genre of music that garnered his attention turning him to become a composer of classical music. In Shannon Nichols story, â€Å"Proficiency†, she mentions developing a nonchalant attitude toward reading and writing due to failing a proficiency test multiple times. In many ways, I can certainly relate to them in terms of Felsenfeld developing a new attitude towards classical music. As well as Nichols having a nonchalant attitude towards reading and writing. Compared to Felsenfeld, during a time in my life when I grew very weary of today’s southern mumble hip hop, I found myself becoming a huge fan of 90’s hip hop, and that has given me the urge to possibly purse a career in hip hop. Continuing, we both started to take interest in music that other’s in our communities didn’t listen to at the same age of 17. On the other hand, when comparing my literacy development to Nichols we both developed nonchalant attitudes after experiencing failure. She developed that trait after failing a test multiple times, but I developed a nonchalant attitude when trying to write out lyrics that contain complex rhymes andShow MoreRelatedArtifacts Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesHow Gymnastics Influenced My Life In â€Å"Rebel Music†, Daniel Felsenfeld delves into the inspirations he has drawn from music in his childhood. He tells of the struggles he experienced and the lack of inspiration from mandatory piano lessons from Ms. Shimizu. Although he dazzled her every time, he never felt connected to the music. Felsenfeld reminisced, â€Å"I was experiencing a personal drought, an acrid lack of culture of all kinds, especially music† (Felsenfeld 624). After he heard Beethoven’s Ninth

The Chevauche Organised Medieval Murder

The chevauchà ©e was a particularly destructive kind of military raid prominent during The Hundred Years War (and especially used by Edward III of England). Rather than besieging a castle or conquering the land, soldiers on a chevauchà ©e aimed to create as much destruction, carnage and chaos as possible to both break the morale of enemy peasants and deny their rulers income and resources. Consequently, they would burn crops and buildings, kill the population and steal anything valuable before enemy forces could challenge them, often systematically laying regions to waste and causing great starvation. Comparison with the modern concept of Total War is more than justified and the chevauchà ©e makes an interesting counterpoint to the modern view of chivalrous medieval warfare and the idea medieval people avoided civilian casualties. The Chevauchà ©e in the Hundred Years War The chevauchà ©e used during the Hundred Years War emerged during the wars of the English and Scots, along with the defensive longbow tactics of the former. Edward III then took the chevauchà ©e to the continent when he warred with the French crown in 1399, shocking his rivals for his brutality. However, Edward was being careful: chevauchà ©es were cheaper to organize than sieges, needing far fewer resources and not tying you down, and far less risky than open battle, as the people you were fighting/killing were poorly armed, not armored and proved little threat. You needed a smaller force if you weren’t trying to win an open battle, or blockade a town. In addition, while you saved money it was costing your enemy, as their resources were being eaten away. Edward and fellow kings needed to conserve money as raising funds were very difficult―even if Edward did break new ground in marshaling England’s funds―making the chevauchà ©e even more attractive. Edward III of England and Chevauchà ©e Edward made the chevauchà ©e key to his campaign for his entire life. While he did take Calais, and lower ranking English and allies kept taking and losing smaller scale locations, Edward and his sons favored these bloody expeditions. There is a debate about whether Edward was using the chevauchà ©e to draw the French king or crown prince into battle, the theory being you caused so much chaos and destruction that moral pressure mounted on the enemy monarch to attack you. Edward certainly wanted a quick show of god given right at times, and the victory at Crecy occurred at just such a moment, but many of the English chevauchà ©e’s were smaller forces moving swiftly precisely to avoid being forced to give battle and take that larger risk. What Happened After the Losses of Crecy and Poitiers After the losses of Crecy and Poitiers, the French refused to battle for a generation, and chevauchà ©es became less effective as they had to move through areas they’d already damaged. However, while the chevauchà ©e certainly harmed the French, unless a battle was won or a major target took the English populace questioned whether the expense of these expeditions was worth it, and the chevauchà ©es in the later years of Edward III’s life are considered failures. When Henry V later reignited the war he aimed to take and hold rather than copy the chevauchà ©e.

Genetic Factors Of Gene Mutation - 1801 Words

Gene mutation is an official change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. Mutations are affected by the change in the DNA sequence. (U.S NLM, Para I) There can be many different types of mutations. Some examples are point mutations, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frame shift mutation, silent mutation, deletion, insertion, and duplication. These mutations can either occur naturally or actually made to happen. Mutations can have a huge impact that can be beneficial or unhelpful. (Mutations, Para IV) Mutations can occur in humans, animals, or plants. Mutations affect today’s society in many ways. Mutations can be caused by exogenous or endogenous factors, or they may be caused by mistakes in cellular machinery. Chemical or physical agents that induce mutations in DNA are called mutagens and are said to be mutagenic. Exogenous factors are those that are in the environment such as sunlight, radiation, and smoking can cause mutations. Endogenous factors are those errors during DNA replication can lead to genetic changes as can poisonous products of cellular metabolism. Mutations can be advantageous and lead to an evolutionary benefit of a certain genotype. Mutations can also be harmful or deleterious, which means it could cause diseases, development delays, structural abnormalities, or some other effects. (Mutations, II) There are four types of nucleotides. They all have a different nitrogenous bases which are thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine. These fourShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Genetic Testing Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of genetic information has drawn repeated attention from insurance companies in recent years. Especially the introduce of genetic testing in the industry, which can help set the level of cost of premiums for different groups of the population as well as assess the risk. Many parties have been involved in the debate on whether genetic information can be allowed to use by insurers when assessing those a pplications, such as government, insurance companies, health service providers. In the UKRead MoreThe Complicated Biology of Breast Cancer977 Words   |  4 Pagescancer, I decided to use my knowledge and research to guide you through the more complicated biological side of breast cancer. Within this letter I hope to better your understanding of cancer, especially breast cancer. Its the causes, pros and cons of genetic testing, and my recommendations for you and your daughters. I will also discuss the controversial decision of actress Angelina Jolie. Cancer is a term used to describe diseases that include abnormal cell division, which means that cells don’t dieRead MoreGenetics Is A Branch Of Biological Science938 Words   |  4 PagesGenetics is a branch of biological science that focuses on the study of genes and inheritance from parent to offspring. Genes are found in chromosomes embedded in a cell’s nucleus and carry the traits that a person will have. We inherit our traits from our parents through sexual reproduction, when two gametes, a sperm from the father and an ovum from the mother, combine and produce a zygote. Gametes form through meiosis, which results in each gamete having 23 chromosomes. This results in the zygoteRead MoreThe Discovery of Dominant and Recessive Genes by Gregor Mendel939 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Genetics is the study of how genes and heredity combine to create traits in living organisms. Gregor Mendel disproved the theory that heredity comes only from parents. He discover ed that there were dominant and recessive genes and his â€Å"Law of Dominance† has been used to selectively breed plants and animals for particular attributes. It has also been successfully adopted to identify the risk of passing down genetic diseases. Francis Galton took Mendel’s discoveries further by studyingRead MoreGene Expression : The Consequences Of Human DNA And Human Genes1345 Words   |  6 Pagesthese chromosomes are sections of DNA called genes. Genes make up the physical traits inherited and expressed from mom and dad. When the DNA found within these genes provides genetic instructions to encode proteins or other molecules, this is called gene expression. Gene expression is the process by which genetic information stored in a gene dictates a cells function. This process is essential as regulatory proteins control the rate of gene expression. Gene expression is influenced by the processesRead MoreBiological Mechanisms Of The Obesity945 Words   |  4 PagesCandidate genes allow researchers to come up with rational hypothesis of role of these genes and their contribution to different conditions, in this case obesity. Therefore, they are potential predisposition factors. Candidate genes are chosen on a basis of knowledge of their function, biochemistry and their expression pattern (what protein they encode for and where is this protein mainly expressed) in obesity. At present, there are about 300 genes that have been hypothesized to contribute (to someRead MoreRejection to the Proposal of Mr. Clotter John Ko Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pages Is generalised Genetic Screening for Factor V Leiden Necessary? =============================================================== Genetic screening has no doubt have been the one of the most controversial issue in the branch of medicine. 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Ataxia teleangiectasia is anRead More72 New Gene Mutation Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pages72 New Genetic Mutations Linked to Hereditary Breast Cancer According to the National Cancer Institute, invasive breast cancer affects approximately 1 in 8 U.S. women, and about 5% to 10% of all breast cancers are hereditary. At present, most people are familiar with BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, which are inherited gene mutations—or abnormalities in the DNA sequencing—that increase the risk of developing breast cancer. According to statistics from the National Cancer Institute, by age 70Read MoreWhat Is Melanocortin 1 Manogen?1038 Words   |  5 PagesThe MCR1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called melanocortin 1 receptor. This receptor plays a major role when it comes to pigmentation. This receptor is located on cells that produce melanin called melanocytes. (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/MC1R). Melanin is a substance that gives skin, hair, and eyes the color. Melanin is also found in the retina part of the eye, and it gives humans normal vision. Common variations (polymorphisms) in the MC1R gene are associated with normal differences

J.I. Packer Reflection Paper Free Essays

Jonathan Gamble Evangelism and the Sovereignty of God Reflection Paper When he sat down to write Evangelism and the Sovereignty of God, J. I. Packer sought to explain the incredible importance of understanding the antinomy – or tension, as some call it – between the undeniable sovereignty of God and the free will of men. We will write a custom essay sample on J.I. Packer Reflection Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout the book, Packer puts an emphasis on reconciling these two commonly misconstrued components of Christian doctrine. There are two primary points that the author stresses to the reader: the divine sovereignty of God and the free will of man, and evangelism and what it means for churches and individuals. The first point J. I. Packer makes in his book is the seemingly contradictory doctrine of the divine sovereignty of God and the free will of men. This opposition – as some would call it – is remedied by Packer early on in the book. On page 23 of the text, the author states, â€Å"Man is a responsible moral agent, though he is also divinely controlled; man is divinely controlled, though he is also a responsible moral agent. God’s sovereignty is a reality, and man’s responsibility is a reality too. Though it may seem confusing to unbelievers and believers alike, this statement truly encapsulates Packer’s argument and helps to alleviate doubt toward this apparent opposition in Christian doctrine. Man is a moral being; meaning, he has free will, but was designed (by God) to be virtuous and upright in morality. Humans have the power to do as they please (free will); they can either live according to God’s laws or reject His teaching. God allows m an to possess free will because He wants men to choose His teachings willingly and on their own accord, not forced into God’s law against his will. However, Packer states that man is also divinely controlled, which seems to be at odds with the previous statement. Though man has free will, to a certain extent he is still controlled by a divine being (God). Ephesians 2:10 tells us, â€Å"For we are God’s workmanship, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do† (NIV). This proves that, although we have free will and are capable of making our own decisions, God created us to do good works and He knows what we will do before we even do it. Thus, Packer’s argument is that, although we have free will and God allows us to make our own decisions (including accepting or rejecting Him), we are still divinely controlled by Him through the good works we do. Second among Packer’s emphasized points is that of evangelism; not just the act, but what it means for churches and individuals alike. Throughout this portion of the book, the author focuses on several main questions regarding evangelism: what is evangelism, what is the evangelistic message, and what is the motive for evangelizing. Packer uses the following to define evangelism: â€Å"To evangelize is so to present Christ Jesus in the power of the Holy Spirit, that men shall come to their trust in God through Him, to accept Him as their Savior, and serve Him as their King in the fellowship of His Church† (Packer 38). This definition is superb because it leads into Packer’s next questions of evangelism. The message of evangelism, according to the book, is the message of Jesus Christ’s work, including, but not limited to, his miracles, death, burial, and resurrection. However, Packer warns not to complicate the Gospel message; instead, a simplified version geared toward the target audience is a much more effective means of presenting Christ. The motive for evangelizing is thus: to reach lost and broken souls with the Gospel of Jesus Christ, and to lead them to a saving faith in Him. Packer makes very good arguments and backs up his stance with solid evidence from both the Bible and extra-biblical sources; because of his logical and straightforward argument, I agree with his presentation of the antinomy of evangelism and the sovereignty of God. In Evangelism and the Sovereignty of God, the author argues that men both have free will, yet are divinely controlled. I fully support this viewpoint, from both a biblical and practical standpoint. Throughout both the Old and New Testaments, men demonstrate their free will, for good or ill. For example, the parable of the talents shows how men’s free will – through the illustrations of the three servants – can either bring glory to God or condemn the man. All three of the servants exercised their free will by either doubling the talents entrusted to them (the first two), or by simply hiding their talent (the final servant). Obviously, the first two servants brought glory to their master by earning interest on their talents, while the final servant was condemned as a â€Å"wicked, lazy servant† (Matthew 25:14-30). Thus, despite the outcome, men have been given the free will by God to do as they please. Packer endorses this viewpoint throughout his book, and gives numerous biblical citations to support his doctrinal views. Although men have free will, they are also divinely controlled by God; Packer shows this throughout his book, and I agree with his arguments and evidences. An excellent example of this – and the main reason why I support Packer’s argument for men being divinely controlled – can be found in the book of Exodus. â€Å"Then the Lord said to Moses, ‘Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his officials so that I may perform these signs of mine among them that you may tell your children and grandchildren how I dealt harshly with the Egyptians and how I performed my signs among them, and that you may know that I am the Lord† (Exodus 10:1-2). This event shows that God controls the hearts of man, by his hardening the heart of Pharaoh. So, although we have free will, God is still in control of our heart, mind, and soul; we are still divinely controlled. If I was to explain to somebody the biblical teaching on the relationship of evangelism Packer’s book and my own understanding of this seemingly contradictory doctrine. I would attempt to explain to them this complex doctrine in simplified terms. To start, I would define sovereignty for them. Sovereignty can be defined as the complete, utter, and undeniable rule of God as King over all creation, including the stars, planets, and man. After establishing the meaning of the basic words for the argument, I would go on to explain about the antinomy of men’s free will and the undeniable sovereignty of God. Men are made with the free will to make their own decisions, and are left to their own devices for the most part. However, with this free will comes responsibility; our actions can either bring glory to God or can bring hardship upon ourselves. Although we are given free will, we are still divinely controlled by God. I would bring about examples from both my own life and the Bible. I would try to relate to them by telling them of my past; I was heavily involved in alcohol and partying in high school (my free will – to reject God and His teaching), until God intervened and brought me to a saving faith in Him, and my life turned completely around (God’s sovereignty over my own life). By drawing events from my own life, it would help to make the confusing doctrine a bit more understandable and relatable to whoever I’m talking to. I would explain the concept of evangelism to them next; evangelism, in my own words, is the act of reaching out to an unreached audience and telling them about Jesus Christ, his miraculous life and works, his death and resurrection, and the saving grace that comes as a result of putting one’s faith in Him. Evangelism is worldly important because it brings sinners to God’s grace; by spreading the Good News to the unreached, we can help turn the tide of religious apathy into a generation that is in relationship with Jesus Christ. Many would argue that because God is sovereign, evangelism is pointless and a waste of time, resources, and talent. However, both Packer and I would argue that this is completely false. I would explain to my listener that because of the free will God grants us, we should tell others about Him and His great love and mercy. I would go on to quote Ephesians 2:10, which says that we were created to do good works. Because we were created to do good works, it should not feel an obligation to evangelize; rather, it should be viewed a privilege and an honor – a necessity – to spread the news of Christ. Although God is in control of man’s actions and thus already knows who is going to be receptive of the Truth, it is still our obligation and privilege as Christians to spread the Word (evangelize) to any and everybody. Works Cited 1. â€Å"Ephesians 2:10, Exodus 10:1-2. † NIV Bible. London: Hodder Stoughton, 2000. N. pag. Print. 2. Packer, J. I. Evangelism and the Sovereignty of God. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1991. Print. How to cite J.I. Packer Reflection Paper, Papers

The making of the collection free essay sample

Although visited now by 1000s of people the Museum traditionally retains the old name of the Hermitage attached to it in the 1760 # 8217 ; s and intending # 171 ; a anchorite # 8217 ; s brooding # 187 ; , or # 171 ; a lone topographic point # 187 ; . The name is due to the fact that the Hermitage was founded as a castle museum accessible merely to the nearest of the close to the tribunal. A figure of objects of which but a little portion was subsequently incorporated in the museum # 8217 ; s aggregations were acquired in different states by Peter I. These were antique statues Marine landscapes, land a aggregation of Siberian antediluvian gold buckles. However, the foundation of the Hermitage is normally dated to the twelvemonth 1764 when a aggregation of 225 images was bought by Catherine II from the Prussian merchandiser Gotzkowsky. A characteristic feature of the eighteenth century accusals was the purchase of big groups of pictures, sometimes of complete galleries, bought en Blok at the gross revenues in Western Europe. We will write a custom essay sample on The making of the collection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Count Bruhl # 8217 ; s aggregation acquired in Dresden in 1769, the Gallery of Crozat, bought in Paris in 1772 and the gallery of Lord Walpole acquired in London in 1779 were the most outstanding among the acquisitions made in the eighteenth century. Together with legion purchases of single images, they supplied the museum with most outstanding canvases of the European school, including those by Rembraandt, Rubens, Van Dyck and other eminent creative persons, and made the Hermitage rank among the finest art galleries of Europe. Works, commissioned by the Russian tribunal from European painters besides enriched the Picture gallery.By 1785 the Museum numbered 2658 pictures. Prints and drawings, cameos, coins and decorations were similarly represented at the Hermitage. The acquisition of complete aggregations and of single plants of art was continued in the nineteenth century but on a more modest graduated table than during the old period. Among the most noteworthy acquisitions of the nineteenth century were: Mathew Malmaison Gallery of the Empress Josephine bought in 1814 ; the aggregation of the English banker Coesvelt dwelling chiefly of Spanish pictures, purchased in Amsterdam the same twelvemonth ; every bit good as the pictures from the Barrbarigo Palace inVenice which gave the Museum its best Titians. As to the single plant of art, the acquisition in 1865 of Leonardo da Vince # 8217 ; s # 171 ; Madonna Litta # 187 ; fromthe Duce of Litta aggregation and the purchase of Raphael # 8217 ; s # 171 ; Virgin and Child # 187 ; from the Con estebite household in 1870, were of import landmarks in the growing of the hoarded wealths of the Hermitage. In 1885 the Hermitage received an of import aggregation of objects of applied art of the 12th # 8211 ; 26th centuries, gathered by Basilevsky ; , together with the Armoury transferred from Tsarskoe Selo, notably enriched the Museum with a new type of stuff The first decennary of the twentieth century witnessed the acquisition of a brilliant aggregation including 730 canvases by the Dutch and Flemish creative persons, which had been in the ownership of the eminent Russian scientist Semenov-Tienshansky. Another most of import acquisition was Leonardo da Vinci # 8217 ; s # 171 ; Madonna and Child # 187 ; purchased in 1914 from the household of the designer L.Benois. The Great October Revolution created extremely favorable conditions for the farther growing of the Museum aggregations and their systematic survey. Since October 1917, due to the attention taken by Soviet Government for the saving of art hoarded wealths, the Museum was enriched with a great figure of excellent plants of art. Among these were the best images chosen by the Hermitage the nationalised private aggregations such as those once owned by the Yussupovs, the Shuvalovs, the Stroganovs ; pictures transferred from the imperial castles ; art hoarded wealths, acquired by exchange from other museums within the state. The policy of planned distribution of art hoarded wealths among the museums carried out by the province, enabled the Hermitage non merely to make full up many spreads and lacks by adding to its image gallery Italian pictures of the 13th-15th centuries, plants of the Netherlandish school, and of the Gallic school of the 19th and twentieth centuries but to organize a museum free from private gustatory sensation, and made it possible to set up the aggregations consistently. The accretion of stuffs which had non been represented in the museum in the pre-Revolutionary period, led to the formation of new sections: the section of the history of civilization and art of the crude society, of the civilization and art of the peoples of the East, and that of the history of Russian civilization. He immense growing of the aggregations made it necessary to widen the exhibition infinite This is why the edifice of the Winter Palace was placed at the disposal of the Hermitage, the name # 171 ; The State Hermitage # 187 ; being now applied to the whole great museum therefore formed.

Related Diversification Is a More Successful Strategy for Growth Among Firms Than Unrelated Diversification. Essay Example For Students

Related Diversification Is a More Successful Strategy for Growth Among Firms Than Unrelated Diversification. Essay Abstract This paper proves the hypothesis of marketing: Related diversification is a more successful strategy for growth among firms than unrelated diversification. It explains the concept of diversification, the rationale of diversification, types of diversification, diversification strategies, and dimensions of diversification. This paper analyses the given hypothesis using various examples and reaches a conclusion. Keywords Related, unrelated, diversifact, diversification, diversifame, diversifad, diversifriction Hypothesis Related diversification is a more successful strategy for growth among firms than unrelated diversification. Diversification is a form of growth marketing strategy for a company. It seeks to increase profitability through greater sales volume obtained from new products and new markets. Diversification can occur either at the business unit or at the corporate level. At the business unit level, it is most likely to expand into a new segment of an industry in which the business is already in. At the corporate level, it is generally entering a promising business outside of the scope of the existing business unit. Diversification is part of the four main marketing strategies defined by the Product/Market Ansoff matrix: Ansoff pointed out that a diversification strategy stands apart from the other three strategies. The first three strategies are usually pursued with the same technical, financial, and merchandising resources used for the original product line, whereas diversification usually requires a company to acquire new skills, new techniques and new facilities. Therefore, diversification is meant to be the riskiest of the four strategies to pursue for a firm. Rationale of diversification There are two dimensions of rationale for diversification. (i)The first one relates to the nature of the strategic objective: Diversification may be defensive or offensive. †¢Defensive reasons may be spreading the risk of market contraction, or being forced to diversify when current product or current market orientation seems to provide no further opportunities for growth. †¢Offensive reasons may be conquering new positions, taking opportunities that promise greater profitability than expansion opportunities, or using retained cash that exceeds total expansion needs. ii)The second dimension involves the expected outcomes of diversification: Management may expect great economic value (growth, profitability) or first and foremost great coherence and complementarities with their current activities (exploitation of know-how, more efficient use of available resources and capacities). In addition, companies may also explore diversification just to get a valuable comparison betwee n this strategy and expansion. Types of diversifications Moving away from the core competency is termed as diversification. Diversification involves directions of development which take the organisation away from its present markets and its present products at the same time. Diversification is of two types: (i) Related diversification: Related diversification is development beyond the present product and market, but still within the broad confines of the ‘industry’ (i. e. value chain) in which a company operates. For example, an automobile manufacturer may engage in production of passenger vehicles and light trucks. (ii)Unrelated diversification: Unrelated diversification is where the organisation moves beyond the confines of its current industry. For example ,a food processing firm manufacturing leather footwear as well. The different types of diversification strategies The strategies of diversification can include internal development of new products or markets, acquisition of a firm, alliance with a complementary company, licensing of new technologies, and distributing or importing a products line manufactured by another firm. Generally, the final strategy involves a combination of these options. This combination is determined in function of available opportunities and consistency with the objectives and the resources of the company. There are three types of diversification: concentric, horizontal and conglomerate: (1) Concentric diversification The company adds new products or services which have technological or commercial synergies with current products and which will appeal to new customer groups. The objective is therefore to benefit from synergy effects due to the complementarities of activities, and thus to expand the firm’s market by attracting new groups of buyers. Concentric diversification does not lead the company into a completely new world as it operates in familiar territory in one of the two major fields (technology or marketing). Therefore that kind of diversification makes the task easier, although not necessarily successful. (2)Horizontal diversification The company adds new products or services that are technologically or commercially unrelated to current products, but which may appeal to current customers. In a competitive environment, this form of diversification is desirable if the present customers are loyal to the current products and if the new products have a good quality and are well promoted and priced. Moreover, the new products are marketed to the same economic environment as the existing products, which may lead to rigidity and instability. In other words, this strategy tends to increase the firm’s dependence on certain market segments. (3) Conglomerate diversification (or lateral diversification) The company markets new products or services that have no technological or commercial synergies with current products, but which may appeal to new groups of customers. The conglomerate diversification has very little relationship with the firm’s current business. Therefore, the main reasons of adopting such a strategy are first to improve the profitability and the flexibility of the company, and second to get a better reception in capital markets as the company gets bigger. Even if this strategy is very risky, it could also, if successful, provide increased growth and profitability. Risks in diversification Diversification is the riskiest of the four strategies presented in the Ansoff matrix and requires the most careful investigation. Going into an unknown market with an unfamiliar product offering means a lack of experience in the new skills and techniques required. Therefore, the company puts itself in a great uncertainty. Moreover, diversification might necessitate significant expanding of human and financial resources, which may detracts focus, commitment and sustained investments in the core industries. Therefore a firm should choose this option only when the current product or current market orientation does not offer further opportunities for growth. In order to measure the chances of success, different tests can be done: †¢The attractiveness test: the industry that has been chosen has to be either attractive or capable of being made attractive. The cost-of-entry test: the cost of entry must not capitalize all future profits. †¢The better-off test: the new unit must either gain competitive advantage from its link with the corporation or vice versa. Five dimensions of diversification (i) Diversifact: Fact is a situation, a reality, a kind of compulsion because of which company has to diversify. †¢Negative overtone of compulso ry diversification-ITC and Manikchand are examples of negative overtones of compulsory diversification because tobacco business was under pressure,cigarette advertising was banned and both these companies found new revenue streams. Products of Manikchand: Manikchand pan masala, Manikchand Parimal tea,Manikchand constructions,Oxyrich mineral water ? Products of ITC:Wills cigarette,Wills lifestyle stores,John Players(men’s and women’s apparels),e-chaupal,bingo,sunfeast,kitchens of India,Aim matchboxes etc. †¢Positive overtone of compulsory diversification-India Today group is an example of positive overtone of compulsory diversification. As the definition of media business changed in India,India Today group moved from Magazines to television(Tims Now). ii)Diversifiction: Fiction is an illusion,non-reality ,certain business assumptions which are proved wrong. Brand extentions into other categories have proved to be big failure fo following companies: †¢BPL telev ision which was a success to BPL washing machines which was a failure †¢Onida television which was a success to onida audio systems which were a failure. (iii)Diversifrition: It involves the concept of cannabalisation according to which a company’s own product is eating the market share of another product of the same company in the same category. Example: Tide and Ariel (P G) Aristotle's Concept of Teleology EssayIn developing these practices, the federation and the unions have adapted successful models from around the world. It could be the implementation of small group activities or quality circles at the federation. Or a TQM program at the unions. Or housekeeping and good accounting practices at the village society level. Technology and e-initiatives GCMMFs technology strategy is characterized by four distinct components: new products, process technology, and complementary assets to enhance milk production and e-commerce. GCMMF was one of the first FMCG (fast-moving consumer goods) firms in India to employ Internet technologies to implement B2C commerce. Today customers can order a variety of products through the Internet and be assured of timely delivery with cash payment upon receipt. Another e-initiative underway is to provide farmers access to information relating to markets, technology and best practices in the dairy industry through net enabled kiosks in the villages. GCMMF has also implemented a Geographical Information System (GIS) at both ends of the supply chain, i. e. milk collection as well as the marketing process. AMUL’s business strategy is getting closer to the customer by linking itself with the latest happening in all the fields of the society. Bollywood superstar Sanjay Dutt popularly known as Sanju Baba given six-year jail term by TADA Court (Terrorism and Disruptive Activities (Prevention)) being guilty under Arms Act for illegally possessing prohibited arms ammunition in the 1993 Bombay (now Mumbai) blasts case August 07. CHAKDE! INDIA, the Bollywood movie with focus on womens hockey featuring star-actor Shah Rukh Khan playing coach of the Indian Womens Hockey Team to bring fame to India August 07. Political parties oppose ruling UPA Governments Indo-US civilian nuclear deal August 07. Awards and honours won by AMUL †¢Ramkrishna Bajaj National Qality Award-2003 †¢Amul The Taste Of India (Gcmmf)Receives International Cio 100 Award For Resourcefulness †¢Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award 1999 Example of unrelated successful diversification-ITC ITC is one of Indias foremost private sector companies with a market capitalisation of nearly US $ 15 billion and a turnover of over US $ 4. 75 billion. ITC is rated among the Worlds Best Big Companies, Asias Fab 50 nd the Worlds Most Reputable Companies by Forbes magazine, among Indias Most Respected Companies by BusinessWorld and among Indias Most Valuable Companies by Business Today. ITC also ranks among Indias top 10 `Most Valuable (Company) Brands, in a study conducted by Brand Finance and published by the Economic Times. Products of ITC †¢Wills cigarettes †¢Wills lifestyle stores †¢John Players appare ls †¢E-choupal †¢Chupal sagar †¢Sunfeast biscuits †¢Bingo wafers †¢Aashirwaad atta †¢Mandal deep agarbatti †¢Aim matchboxes †¢Kitchens of India †¢Classmates notebooks †¢Expressions greeting cards †¢Minto confectionaries ITCs diversified status originates from its corporate strategy aimed at creating multiple drivers of growth anchored on its time-tested core competencies: unmatched distribution reach, superior brand-building capabilities, effective supply chain management and acknowledged service skills in hoteliering. Over time, the strategic forays into new businesses are expected to garner a significant share of these emerging high-growth markets in India. The Companys e-Choupal initiative is enabling Indian agriculture significantly enhance its competitiveness by empowering Indian farmers through the power of the Internet. This transformational strategy, which has already become the subject matter of a case study at Harvard Business School, is expected to progressively create for ITC a huge rural distribution infrastructure, significantly enhancing the Companys marketing reach. ITC Profile Fundamentals Market Capitalization ( Rs cr )62,937. 49 Book Value27. 58 Debt / Equity0. 01 P/E23. 31 Dividend Yield %1. 85 EPS7. 17 Return on Net Worth25. 64 Current Ratio1. 37 Quick Ratio0. 58 Interest Cover268. 33 Latest Quarterly Results Rs. Cr Year2007/062006/06var % Sales Income3,325. 232,849. 7516. 68 Other Income101. 5784. 9419. 58 Expenditure2,197. 671,879. 1816. 95 Interest-0. 830. 72-215. 28 Gross Profit1,229. 961,054. 7916. 61 Depreciation101. 0387. 6415. 28 Tax346. 06314. 879. 91 PAT782. 87652. 2820. 02 Equity376. 22375. 520. 19 OPM (%)33. 9134. 06-0. 15 GPM (%)33. 9334. 03-0. 10 NPM (%)23. 5422. 880. 66 Honours ITC constantly endeavours to benchmark its products, services and processes to global standards. The Companys pursuit of excellence has earned it national and international honours. ITC is one of the eight Indian companies to figure in Forbes A-List for 2004, featuring 400 of the worlds best big companies. Forbes has also named ITC among AsiasFab 50 and the Worlds Most Reputable Companies. ITC has several firsts to its credit: †¢ITC is the first from India and among the first 10 companies in the world to publish its Sustainability Report in compliance (at the highest A+ level) with the latest G3 guidelines of the Netherlands-based Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), †¢ITC is the first Indian company and the second in the world to win the prestigious Development Gateway Award. It won the $100,000 Award for the year 2005 for its trailblazing ITC e-Choupal initiative which has achieved the scale of a movement in rural India. †¢ITC has won the inaugural World Business Award, the worldwide business award recognising companies who have made significant efforts to create sustainable livelihood opportunities and enduring wealth in developing countries. The award has been instituted jointly by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the HRH Prince of Wales International Business Leaders Forum (IBLF). ITC has won the Golden Peacock Awards for Corporate Social Responsibility (Asia) in 2007, the Award for ‘CSR in Emerging Economies 2005’ and ‘Excellence in Corporate Governance in the same year. †¢ The Companys Green Leaf Threshing plants at Chirala and Anaparti in Andhra Pradesh are the first units of their kind in the world to get ISO 14001 environment management systems certification. ITCs cigarette factory in Kolkata is the first such unit in India to get ISO 9000 quality certification and the first among cigarette factories in the world to be awarded the ISO 14001 certification †¢ ITC Maurya in New Delhi is the first hotel in India to get the coveted ISO 14001 Environment Management Systems certification. †¢ ITC Filtrona is the first cigarette filter company in the world to obtain ISO 14001 †¢ITC Infotech finds pride of place among a select group of SEI CMM Level 5 companies in the world. ITCs Green Leaf Threshing plant in Chirala is the first in India and among the first 10 units in the world to bag the Social Accountability (SA 8000) certification Conclusion: This paper proved the hypothesis Related diversification is a more successful strategy for growth among firms than unrelated diversification wrong by giving the example of ITC which has very successful unrelated diversifications. So, there are no fixed rules about related or unrelated div ersification of a company being a failure or success. References 1. †¢Chisnall, Peter: Strategic Business Marketing, 1995 Day, Georges: Strategic Marketing Planning †¢Jain, Subhash C. :International Marketing Management, 1993 †¢Jain, Subhash C. : Marketing Planning Strategy, 1997 †¢Lambin, Jean-Jacques: Strategic Marketing Management, 1996 †¢Murray, Johan ODriscoll, Aidan: Strategy and Process in Marketing, 1996 †¢Weitz, Barton A. Wensley, Robin: Readings in Strategic Marketing †¢Wilson, Richard Gilligan, Colin: Strategic Marketing Management, 1992 Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Diversification_(marketing_strategy) Category: Marketing 2. official website of ITC 3. Official website of AMUL